chap18 the progressive movement

30
544 The Progressive Movement 1890–1919 1889 Hull House opens in Chicago 1902 Maryland workers’ compensation laws passed 1884 Toynbee Hall, first settlement house, established in London 1900 Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams published 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance formed 1904 Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company published Why It Matters Industrialization changed American society. Cities were crowded with new immigrants, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local, state, and national levels. The Impact Today Many Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today. Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office. The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators. Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period. The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video, “The Stockyard Jungle,” portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair. 1890 Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives published 1903 Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin 1890 1900 B. Harrison 1889–1893 Cleveland 1893–1897 McKinley 1897–1901 T. Roosevelt 1901–1909 544 The Progressive Movement 1890–1919 1889 Hull House opens in Chicago 1902 Maryland workers’ compensation laws passed 1884 Toynbee Hall, first settlement house, established in London 1900 Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams published 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance formed 1904 Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company published Why It Matters Industrialization changed American society. Cities were crowded with new immigrants, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local, state, and national levels. The Impact Today Many Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today. Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office. The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators. Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period. The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video, “The Stockyard Jungle,” portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair. 1890 Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives published 1903 Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin 1890 1900 B. Harrison 1889–1893 Cleveland 1893–1897 McKinley 1897–1901 T. Roosevelt 1901–1909

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The Progressive Movement

TRANSCRIPT

544

The ProgressiveMovement 1890ndash1919

1889bull Hull House

opens inChicago

1902bull Maryland workersrsquo

compensation lawspassed

1884bull Toynbee Hall first settlement

house established in London

1900bull Freudrsquos Interpretation

of Dreams published1902bull Anglo-Japanese

alliance formed

1904bull Ida Tarbellrsquos History of

the Standard OilCompany published

Why It MattersIndustrialization changed American society Cities were crowded with new immigrants working

conditions were often bad and the old political system was breaking down These conditions

gave rise to the Progressive movement Progressives campaigned for both political and social

reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local state and

national levels

The Impact TodayMany Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today

bull Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office

bull The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators

bull Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period

The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video ldquoThe Stockyard Junglerdquo portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair

1890bull Jacob Riisrsquos How

the Other HalfLives published

1903bull Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin

1890 1900

B Harrison1889ndash1893

Cleveland1893ndash1897

McKinley1897ndash1901

T Roosevelt1901ndash1909

544

The ProgressiveMovement 1890ndash1919

1889bull Hull House

opens inChicago

1902bull Maryland workersrsquo

compensation lawspassed

1884bull Toynbee Hall first settlement

house established in London

1900bull Freudrsquos Interpretation

of Dreams published1902bull Anglo-Japanese

alliance formed

1904bull Ida Tarbellrsquos History of

the Standard OilCompany published

Why It MattersIndustrialization changed American society Cities were crowded with new immigrants working

conditions were often bad and the old political system was breaking down These conditions

gave rise to the Progressive movement Progressives campaigned for both political and social

reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local state and

national levels

The Impact TodayMany Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today

bull Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office

bull The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators

bull Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period

The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video ldquoThe Stockyard Junglerdquo portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair

1890bull Jacob Riisrsquos How

the Other HalfLives published

1903bull Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin

1890 1900

B Harrison1889ndash1893

Cleveland1893ndash1897

McKinley1897ndash1901

T Roosevelt1901ndash1909

AV-544

null

5835795

545

1905bull Industrial Workers

of the Worldfounded

1920bull Nineteenth Amendment

ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights

1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of

relativity formulated

1910bull Mexican Revolution

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision

Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter

OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information

Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912

1906bull Pure Food and

Drug Act passed

1914bull World War I begins

in Europe

1910 1920

1910bull Mann-Elkins

Act passed

Taft1909ndash1913

Wilson1913ndash1921

1913bull Seventeenth

Amendmentratified

545

1905bull Industrial Workers

of the Worldfounded

1920bull Nineteenth Amendment

ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights

1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of

relativity formulated

1910bull Mexican Revolution

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision

Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter

OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information

Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912

1906bull Pure Food and

Drug Act passed

1914bull World War I begins

in Europe

1910 1920

1910bull Mann-Elkins

Act passed

Taft1909ndash1913

Wilson1913ndash1921

1913bull Seventeenth

Amendmentratified

1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

AV-546

null

9795806

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

AV-547

null

23443011

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-548

null

14100711

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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545

1905bull Industrial Workers

of the Worldfounded

1920bull Nineteenth Amendment

ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights

1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of

relativity formulated

1910bull Mexican Revolution

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision

Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter

OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information

Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912

1906bull Pure Food and

Drug Act passed

1914bull World War I begins

in Europe

1910 1920

1910bull Mann-Elkins

Act passed

Taft1909ndash1913

Wilson1913ndash1921

1913bull Seventeenth

Amendmentratified

545

1905bull Industrial Workers

of the Worldfounded

1920bull Nineteenth Amendment

ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights

1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of

relativity formulated

1910bull Mexican Revolution

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision

Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter

OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information

Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912

1906bull Pure Food and

Drug Act passed

1914bull World War I begins

in Europe

1910 1920

1910bull Mann-Elkins

Act passed

Taft1909ndash1913

Wilson1913ndash1921

1913bull Seventeenth

Amendmentratified

1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

AV-546

null

9795806

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

AV-547

null

23443011

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-548

null

14100711

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published

546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

1900

In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public

ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo

mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom

The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts

that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era

The Roots ofProgressivism

Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life

Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives

Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive

movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-

endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment

Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals

ProgressiveBeliefs

1910

1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system

1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators

1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote

1890 1920

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSC144Understand the role

of special interestgroups political

parties the mediapublic opinion and

majorityminorityconflicts on the

development of publicpolicy and the political

process

AV-546

null

9795806

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

AV-547

null

23443011

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-548

null

14100711

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society

Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy

Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems

One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society

The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt

ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo

mdashWashington DC April 14 1906

By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent

magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos

Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry

Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities

Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement

HISTORY

Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil

What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers

History

AV-547

null

23443011

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-548

null

14100711

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms

Describing How did the muckrakers

help spark the Progressive movement

Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism

Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems

One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management

The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor

described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools

Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices

Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed

Explaining Why did progressives

want to reorganize city government

Reading Check

Reading Check

A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-

tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council

Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system

548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-548

null

14100711

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency

progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters

ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election

La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La

Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo

Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired

GOVERNMENT

Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo

To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution

Evaluating What was the impact of

the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to

solve

The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote

Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549

Council-Manager FormVoters

Mayor

Heads of City Departments

elect hires

elects

appointsCity Council(makes policy)

City Manager(Chief Administrator)

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner

Fire Commissioner

Parks Commissioner

Finance Commissioner

Public Works Commissioner

elect

Board ofCommissioners

pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

Mayor-Council FormVoters

Mayor City Council

Heads of CityDepartments

elect

appointsactions approved by

carry out policy

Source The World Book Encyclopedia

AV-549

null

2171876

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery

After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused

The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group

wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution

This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights

The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social

reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen

As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause

Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested

In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage

i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906

Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements

Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that

the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement

In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979

550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-550

null

2133211

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote

The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes

During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect

Evaluating How successful were

women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment

Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming

the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems

The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor

Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551

SC

WASH1910

OREG1912

CALIF1911

NEV1914

IDAHO1896

MONT1914

WYO1869

COLO1893

UTAH1870

ARIZ1912 N MEX

TEXAS

OKLA1918

KANS1912

NEBR

S DAK1918

N DAK MINN

WIS

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

MISS

TENN

KY

ILL IND

MICH1918

OHIO

ALA GA

FLA

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY1917

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

DEL

MD

ME

Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920

1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage

2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage

Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted

Partial woman suffrage before 1920

No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

1920 border

AV-551

null

16138461

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work

By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead

Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York

City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions

During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds

Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons

The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the

552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers

AV-552

null

15704787

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553

Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker

commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism

2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul

3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did

initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B

Anthony have on Progressive erareforms

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts

on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so

Problems Exposedby Muckrakers

effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol

Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns

For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol

Examining What actions did

progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor

Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their

efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries

Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking

Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities

At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise

Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson

Evaluating What was the impact of

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election

Reading Check

Reading Check

FCAT LAB142

8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-553

null

19550386

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601
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Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

Study and Writing

Taking Notes

554

Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-

tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes

Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something

is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study

There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes

bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings

bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject

bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves

time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes

bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later

Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this

chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page

573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill

Student success relies on good note-taking

FCAT LAA244

Completing theactivity below

will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test

FCATPRACTICE

AV-554

null

18280711

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death

William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo

The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw

ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo

mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life

Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest

person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed

Roosevelt in Office

Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics

Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below

Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate

concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in

environmental conservation

Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president

1900 1904

1902United Mine Workersgo on strike

1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations

1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published

1906Meat InspectionAct passed

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555

Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency

ABCD

II

1902 1906

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-555

null

1190639

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society

ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations

Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of

their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo

During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities

The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities

Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082

for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)

The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice

The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers

Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the

Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street

Analyzing Political Cartoons

John DRockefeller

JP Morgan

James JHill

T Roosevelt

AV-556

null

22633136

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557

walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union

As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching

Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo

The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society

The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts

In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities

The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court

Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts

Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority

The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC

Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for

little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike

History

AV-557

null

2537626

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits

Comparing What was the purpose

of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful

was it

Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly

concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business

Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed

Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the

slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry

ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo

mdashfrom The Jungle

Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Summarizing What two pieces of

legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton

Sinclairrsquos The Jungle

ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most

clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources

An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo

GEOGRAPHY

Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of

Reading Check

Reading Check

The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad

558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

AV-558

null

2353706

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601
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Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559

Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United

Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair

3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act

Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton

Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers

Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact

did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at

the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to

Results of1902

Coal Strike

federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy

Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo

As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands

Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations

Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the

executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act

Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos

policies help the conservation of natural resources

Reading Check

Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated

audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency

History

8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-559

null

13907385

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

C A T H E D R A L R A N G E

EaglePeak

El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)

UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)

YosemitePoint

Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)

Cathedral Rocks

CathedralSpires

Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)

Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)

Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)

GeographyampHistory

OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests

Yellowstone1872

Sullys Hill1904

Wind Cave1903

Mount Rainier1899

Crater Lake1902

Sequoia1890

Mesa Verde1906

General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico

Early National Parks

560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed

2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources

mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park

In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region

In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks

The Story ofYosemite

The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers

came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings

The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite

To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the

Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year

President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point

Bridalveil Creek

Bridalveil Creek

MercedRiv

er

Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)

Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)

Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)

SentinelRock

561

AV-561

null

19048785

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo

The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered

In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft

mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States

1908Taft elected president

562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-

son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and

The Taft Administration

Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives

Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives

Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt

helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-

pointed with Taft as president

Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies

Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives

1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy

1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed

1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel

1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination

1908 1910 1912

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-562

null

11916839

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more

Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling

In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency

ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a

large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo

mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial

History of the Presidents of the United States

Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives

Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in

Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today

History

AV-563

null

13980536

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates

To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation

Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power

Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods

After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff

Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development

In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless

Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired

564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made

nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the

story to the press How was the controversy resolved

AV-564

null

19022661

Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565

Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-

Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation

efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC

Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did

replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives

Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference

between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities

8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism

Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger

By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives

Summarizing What problems did

President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues

Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several

successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC

The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor

the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development

After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president

In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company

Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them

Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president

Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos

accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting

compare to President Rooseveltrsquos

Reading Check

Reading Check

Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms

AV-565

null

1717301

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president

566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and

an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s

On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor

Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo

Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo

Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division

mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House

The Wilson Years

Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory

Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People

Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms

Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social

reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive

movement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy

1913Federal ReserveAct passed

1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed

1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed

Economic Reforms Social Reforms

1912 1914 1916

The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section

SSD243Understand how

government taxespolicies and

programs affectindividuals groups

businesses andregions

AV-566

null

10689148

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo

The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo

Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson

Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform

ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism

Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy

and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo

Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States

Summarizing Who were the three

major candidates in the presidential election of 1912

Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking

on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo

Reading Check

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567

The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government

should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition

History

AV-567

null

23061586

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights

Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs

He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo

Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo

In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s

An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly

ECONOMY

Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907

To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses

At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve

568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

12

10

9

11

8

7

5

4 32 1

6

Buffalo

CharlotteNashville

Birmingham

NewOrleans

HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville

Miami

Pittsburgh

DetroitSalt Lake City

LittleRock Memphis

Oklahoma City

Portland

Omaha

El Paso

CincinnatiLouisville

Denver

Helena

Los Angeles

Seattle

Baltimore

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Cleveland

Richmond

AtlantaDallas

StLouis

Chicago

Minneapolis

Kansas City

San Francisco

12

12

The Federal Reserve System

1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks

2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries

Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank

5

AV-568

null

1892861

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history

Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business

In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings

Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners

Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods

Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist

Evaluating What was the impact of

the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment

Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New

Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism

The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms

In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court

Reading Check

The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born

PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role

in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation

AV-569

null

2302501

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601
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declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates

Examining How did the Adamson

Act improve labor conditions in the United States

The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon

Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president

A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so

By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems

The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement

In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo

Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo

Evaluating How did progressivism

change American beliefs about the federal government

Reading Check

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade

practices2 Identify Progressive Party New

Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What

new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy

Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of

Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society

Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the

photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used

Effects ofProgressivism

570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

AV-570

null

19236887

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar

Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was

rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter

Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle

deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant

Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown

Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other

caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling

knave a tricky deceitful person

from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571

Analyzing Literature1

2

Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The

Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings

FCAT LAA242

FCAT LAA142

FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test

1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal

2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo

AV-571

null

1827026

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton

Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission

19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era

20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike

21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry

Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States

23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage

24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society

25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era

26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do

Progressive Reform

Economic Political Social Welfare

1 progressivism

2 muckraker

3 commission plan

4 direct primary

5 initiative

6 referendum

7 recall

8 suffrage

9 temperance

10 prohibition

11 socialism

12 Square Deal

13 arbitration

14 syndicate

15 insubordination

16 income tax

17 unfair trade practices

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence

Basic Beliefs of Progressives

Government Reforms

Business Regulation

Social Reforms

bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply

bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge

bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems

bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself

had to be reformed

bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote

bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol

572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement

FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Help
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ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation

There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits

It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves

It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo

mdashquoted in The Independent 1901

a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do

b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today

Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike

of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection

Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a

muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform

29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report

Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906

assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview

Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the

Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the

control of reformers before Wisconsin did

b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question

In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish

A It required colleges to accept women

B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children

C It granted women the right to vote

D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work

Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B

SC1890

WASH1889

OREG1902

CALIF1910

NEV

IDAHO

MONT

WYO

COLOUTAH

ARIZ N MEX

TEXAS1890

OKLA1907

KANS1900

NEBR1906

S DAK1906

N DAK1906 MINN

1902WIS1900

IOWA1901

MO1904

ARK1901

LA

MISS1904

TENN

KY1900

ILL IND

MICH

OHIO

ALA1906

GA1906

FLA1904

NC1900

VAWVA

PA

NY

VTNH

MASS

RICONNNJ

1910DEL

MD

ME

Reformers control state legislatures

Reformers influence state government

Reformers not effective

Date reformers came to power1900

CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573

The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912

Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

FCAT LAA244

FCAT LAA244

  • The American VisionmdashFlorida Edition
    • Sunshine State Standards for American History
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Learn the Standards
    • Keys to Succeeding on the FCAT
    • How Does The American Vision Help Me Succeed on the FCAT
    • Table of Contents
      • Previewing Your Textbook
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Reading for Information
      • How Do I Study History
      • Reading Skills Handbook
        • Identifying Words and Building vocabulary
        • Reading for a Reason
        • Understanding What You Read
        • Thinking About Your Reading
        • Understanding Text Structure
        • Reading for Research
          • National Geographic Reference Atlas
            • United States Political
            • United States Physical
            • United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
            • United States Territorial Growth
            • Middle America PhysicalPolitical
            • Canada PhysicalPolitical
            • Middle East PhysicalPolitical
            • World Political
              • United States Facts
              • National Geographic Geography Handbook
                • Introduction
                • Globes and Maps
                • Using Maps
                • The Elements of Geography
                • Geographic Dictionary
                  • Unit 1 Three Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1763
                    • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                      • Section 1 The Migration to America
                      • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                      • Section 3 African Cultures
                      • Section 4 European Cultures
                      • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                      • Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
                        • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                          • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                          • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                          • Section 3 New England
                          • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                          • Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
                            • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                              • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                              • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                              • Section 3 The Imperial System
                              • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                              • Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
                                  • Unit 2 Creating a Nation 1754ndash1816
                                    • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                      • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                      • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                      • The Declaration of Independence
                                      • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                      • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                      • Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
                                        • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                          • Section 1 The Confederation
                                          • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                          • Section 3 Ratification
                                          • Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
                                            • The Constitution Handbook
                                            • The Constitution of the United States
                                            • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                              • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                              • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                              • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                              • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                              • Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
                                                  • Unit 3 The Young Republic 1789ndash1850
                                                    • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                      • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                      • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                      • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                      • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                      • Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
                                                        • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                          • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                          • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                          • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                          • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                          • Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
                                                            • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                              • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                              • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                              • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                              • Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
                                                                  • Unit 4 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877
                                                                    • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                      • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                      • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                      • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                      • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                      • Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
                                                                        • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                          • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                          • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                          • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                          • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                          • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                          • Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
                                                                            • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                              • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                              • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                              • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                              • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                              • Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                  • Unit 5 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900
                                                                                    • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                      • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                      • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                      • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                        • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                          • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                          • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                          • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                          • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                            • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                              • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                              • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                              • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                              • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                  • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                  • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                      • Unit 6 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                        • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                          • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                          • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                          • Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                            • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                              • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                              • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                              • Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                  • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                  • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                  • Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                      • Unit 7 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941
                                                                                                                        • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                          • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                          • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                            • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                              • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                              • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                          • Unit 8 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960
                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                  • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                              • Unit 9 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                  • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Unit 10 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 33 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 34 Assessment and Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Presidents of the United States
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supreme Court Case Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Flag Etiquette
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Spanish Glossary
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Feature Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Primary Sources Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Documents of American History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • American Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • What Ifhellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Technology amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Linking Past amp Present
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Different Viewpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Geography amp History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • National Geographic Moment in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World History Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • World Geography Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Profiles in History
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • SkillBuilder
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Social Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Critical Thinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Study amp Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Why It Matters
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • What Life Was Likehellip
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Youre the Historian
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • TIME Notebook
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Fact Fiction Folklore
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Causes and Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Primary Source Quotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • National Geographic Maps
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Charts amp Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Student Workbooks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • FCAT Preparation Through Social Studies Grade 10 - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Benchmarks Tested in this Book
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Common Mathematical Conversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Test Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Diagnostic Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Practice Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Standardized Test Practice Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 2 Calculating an Answer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 3 Answering with Written Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 4 Interpreting Maps to Answer Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 5 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 6 Reading and Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 7 Reading a Time Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 8 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 9 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 10 Relating Cause and Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 11 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 12 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 13 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lesson 14 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Florida Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Migration to America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Native American Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 African Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 European Cultures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 Europe Encounters America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 2 Colonizing America 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Spanish and French Build Empires
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 English Colonies in America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 New England
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Middle and Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 3 Colonial Ways of Life 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Southern Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 New England and the Middle Colonies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Imperial System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 A Diverse Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 4 The American Revolution 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Revolution Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The War for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The War Changes American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 5 Creating a Constitution 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Confederation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A New Constitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Ratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 6 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Washington and Congress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Partisan Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Jefferson in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War of 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816ndash1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 American Nationalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Early Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Land of Cotton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Growing Sectionalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 8 The Spirit of Reform 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Jacksonian America
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 A Changing Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Reforming Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Abolitionist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 9 Manifest Destiny 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Western Pioneers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Independence for Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The War With Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Mounting Violence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Union Dissolves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 11 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Opposing Sides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Early Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Life During the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Turning Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 12 Reconstruction 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Republican Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 Reconstruction Collapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 13 Settling the West 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Miners and Ranchers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Farming the Plains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Native Americans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 14 Industrialization 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Rise of Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Railroads
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Big Business
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Unions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 15 Urban America 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Gilded Age
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 16 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 Stalemate in Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Populism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Rise of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 17 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Imperialist Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Spanish-American War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New American Diplomacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Roosevelt in Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Taft Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The Wilson Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The United States Enters World War I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 A Bloody Conflict
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Wars Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 20 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 A Clash of Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 Cultural Innovations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 African American Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 21 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Presidential Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 A Growing Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 22 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Causes of the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Life During the Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Hoover Responds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 23 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The First New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 The Second New Deal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The New Deal Coalition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 24 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 America and the World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 World War II Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Holocaust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 America Enters the War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 25 America and World War II 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 Mobilizing for War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Early Battles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life on the Home Front
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 5 The War Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 The Cold War and American Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 27 Postwar America 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Affluent Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 The Other Side of American Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The New Frontier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 JFK and the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 The Great Society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The Movement Begins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 Challenging Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 New Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 30 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 The War Winds Down
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chapter 31 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 2 The Feminist Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Section 4 Saving the Earth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapter 32 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 1 The Nixon Administration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 2 The Watergate Scandal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 3 Ford and Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chapter 33 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 1 The New Conservatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 2 The Reagan Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 3 Life in the 1980s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Section 4 The End of the Cold War
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chapter 34 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 1 The Technological Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 2 The Clinton Years
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 3 An Interdependent World
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 4 America Enters a New Century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Section 5 The War on Terrorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Haitian Creole Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 2 Kolonizasyon Amerik 1519ndash1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 3 Mogravedvi Kolonyal 1607ndash1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 4 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 5 Kreyasyon yon Konstitisyon 1781ndash1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 6 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 7 Ekspansyon ak Divizyon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 8 Lespri Refogravem nan 1828ndash1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 9 Destine Manifegraves 1835ndash1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 10 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 11 Lagegrave Sivil 1861ndash1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 12 Rekonstriksyon 1865ndash1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 13 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 14 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 15 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 16 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 17 Peyi a Vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 18 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 19 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 20 Epogravek Djaz 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 21 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 22 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 23 Roosevelt an Nyoudil 1933ndash1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 24 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 25 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 26 Gegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 27 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 28 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 29 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 30 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 31 Politik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 32 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 33 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Chapit 34 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Culturas nativas de Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Culturas africanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 Las culturas europeas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los imperios espantildeol y franceacutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Colonias inglesas en Ameacuterica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Nueva Inglaterra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las colonias del medio este y del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 La colonias del sureste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Nueva Inglaterra y las colonias centrales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El sistema imperial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Una sociedad diversa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra por la Independencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La Guerra cambia a la sociedad americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La Confederacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una nueva Constitucioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Ratificacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Washington y el Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Partidos poliacuteticos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Jefferson presidente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 La guerra de 1812
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Nacionalismo americano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Antecedentes de la industrializacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La tierra del algodoacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Divisionismo creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Ameacuterica Jacksoniana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Una cultura cambiante
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Reformando a la sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El movimiento abolicionista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Los pioneros del Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Independencia para Texas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La guerra con Meacutexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el Oeste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La escalada de la violencia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La crisis se profundiza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Disolucioacuten de la Unioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La vida durante la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El momento decisivo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 5 Termina la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Los planes de reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La reconstruccioacuten del Congreso
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Gobierno republicano
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 El colapso de la reconstruccioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas norteamericanos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Los inmigrantes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorado
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la Reforma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en Washington
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El populismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de Taft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra en la primera guerra mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacuteestico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Una economiacutea creciente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Poliacuteticas de prosperidad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de Hoover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El Primer Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 El Segundo Nuevo Trato
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 La segunda Guerra Mundial
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten prebeacutelica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 La ofensiva de la alianza
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 5 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 Primeros antildeos de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 La Guerra Friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Cultura popular en los antildeos 50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 El otro lado de la vida americana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La Nueva Frontera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 La Gran Sociedad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 Comienzo del movimiento
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 En Camino a la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a estados unidos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Fin de la guerra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la Tierra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo del Watergate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo La vida en los antildeos 70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seccioacuten 4 El fin de la Guerra Friacutea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 2 La era Clinton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica entra a un nuevo siglo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Seccioacuten 5 La guera contra el terrorismo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Spanish Summaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 1 El encuentro de culturas de la prehistoria a 1520
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 2 La colonizacioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1519 a 1733
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 3 La eacutepoca colonial 1607 a 1763
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 4 La Revolucioacuten de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1783
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 5 La creacioacuten de una constitucioacuten 1781 a 1789
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 6 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1816
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 7 Crecimiento y divisioacuten 1816 a 1832
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 8 El espiacuteritu de la reforma 1828 a 1845
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 9 Un Destino Manifiesto 1835 a 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 10 Las regiones entran en conflicto 1848 a 1860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 11 La Guerra Civil 1861 a 1865
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 12 La Reconstruccioacuten 1865 a 1877
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 13 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 14 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 15 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 16 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 17 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 18 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 19 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 20 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 21 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 22 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 23 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 24 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 25 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 26 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 27 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 28 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 29 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 30 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 31 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 32 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 33 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Capiacutetulo 34 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Objectives Addressed in the Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Workbook Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Preparing for a Standardized Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 3 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 4 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 5 Comparing and Contrasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 6 Making Inferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 7 Interpreting Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 8 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 9 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 10 Detecting Bias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 11 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 12 Identifying the Main Idea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 13 Predicting Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 14 Analyzing a Political Cartoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 15 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 16 Analyzing Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 17 Interpreting Primary Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 18 Persuasive Writing About an Issue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 19 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 20 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 21 Classifying Facts and Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 22 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 23 Outlining Information for Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 24 Interpreting Charts and Tables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 25 Making Decisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 26 Writing a News Story
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 27 Interpreting Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 28 Making Generalizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 29 Recognizing Point of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 31 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 32 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 33 Forming Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Activity 34 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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